Population on Himalaya Region of Nepal

     The Himalayan Region lies to the north of the country which covers the mountainous area of the country. 15% of the total land area has been encompassed by this region.  Only 2% is arable as the land is very cold, covered with rugged surface and snow. The altitude ranges between 4,877 meter to 8,848 metres above sea levels. In this region there are many pastures, gorges, passes, small lakes, glaciers and falls. So this region is suitable for animal rearing and tourism. Due to geographical situation and climatic conditions, this region has a very less density of population. In 2001 AD, this region accommodated 7.3% the population of the country but at a decreasing rate. Almost all big rivers running through the country originate from this region. In this region people die due to starvation. The fruits produced in Hilly and Himalayan region decay before reaching Terai region people. The people leave the place of their origin of difficult living and migrate to the place of the destination of possible easy living. So density of the people increases in the Terai region. So their appear a big gap between the places of easy and difficult living within the country. The Terai, valleys, river basins, tars and gentle slopes become much more developed than other parts. So, regional disparity occurs, and local resources cannot be utilized properly, administration cannot be carried out smoothly and national dis-integrity may occur. To overcome such problem, there is the need of development regions. However,  there  is  a  diversity  in  ecosystem  and  human  activities  according  to  geographical  belts.

Migration

mainly pull factor and push factor are affected. When people are attracted by the advantages of a particular place, benefits are regarded as pull factors. Such as attraction towards the place, better employment opportunities of that place, better economic possibilities, better facilities if good education, housing and medical treatment, better climate condition of the place, higher living standard, political stabilities, better social environment. Push factor means when people want to save themselves from the restrictions and disadvantages of the place of origin where they are living is push factors. Such as maintaining the livelihood, lower wages at the place of origin, poverty, unemployment and lower living standard of living, lack of personal development, lack of food and employment opportunities, prevalent superstitions on the society, lack of health and education and entertainment. The pressure of population resulting in a high man land ratio has been widely regarded as one important causes of rural out migration. Industrialization, political, social, geographical, religious, cultural are also one of the factors of the migration.

Factors that affect Mortality

Heredity is also one of the factors of mortality. The environment where they are brought up affects the age to be or not to be long. Sex is one factor, the female are observed to have long life. The newly born infants, the death rate of the girls are seen low than boys. Disease is also on factor, people have to lose their life by being victims of fatal disease, transitional disease and hereditary diseases. Violence and accidents are also one factors that is caused by bus, truck, jeep, motorcar and aeroplane affect the death rate. Natural calamities like draught, flood, landslide, earthquake, volcano, cyclone causes death rate of the country. The shortage of nutrition has increased the death rate. Ignorance of heath rule like drinking pure water, cutting nails, washing hands before eating led to the increase death rate. The majority of people of our country fail to solve the problems of food, clothing and housing. More death occurs due to cold climate and hot climate. Due to lack of health and medical facilities the death rate is high among the people. Ignorance and superstition of the people there occurs a high level of death rate. Fresh and hygienic environment, development of science and technology help people to live longer.

Social factor in Population

Social Factors: The tradition and social values also effect the fertility rate. Small and joint family system is one of the factor. In rural society in Nepal, the parents, married son and daughter in law , grandson and daughter, uncle and aunt live together that is joint family. There is no responsibility on the head of the one member to take care of the children so, there is more co-operation in growing the children. But in the small family responsibility goes to one man that is why there is less number of children. Universality of marriage is one factor which means to maintain hereditary tradition, to believe that unmarried life is incomplete, to regard social respect for having son and daughter and grandson and grand-daughter is regarded as a social prestige. Thus, universality of marriage has induced increase in fertility also. Family planning system is also one of the factors. Today every attempt is made to educate as well as to convince people about checking fertility that is temporary contraceptive of the family planning and permanent method of the family planning. Fertility also depends on the social status of women. Social and culture values influence fertility directly. Infant mortality rate also is one factor. Urbanisation also affect fertility rate.

Economical Factors on Population

High income concept in the factors of economics factors. It is believed that more children means more income. It is also believed that the god who has given more hands and mouths will certainly fulfill the needs of human beings. So, growth in the number of children is increased by the idea of more income. Peculiar concept of life insurance is one of the economic factors. The idea that children will take care in the old age, which encourage people grow more children. They desire for son because they treat him as their life insurance in their old age. The desire of security tends to grow more children because that children will protect their land and look after them. The family engaged in agriculture treats the children as unpaid labour so family occupation is also one factors of economic factors. Health services is one factor due to which people suffers from different diseases and due to carelessness death rate goes on increasing. Due to these all factors there is less children with high income and more children with low income.

Biological Factors on Population

The biological factors are the special characteristics of human beings. To give birth to the child and pregnancy related factors are called biological factors. There is no evidence of hereditary effect on the fertility. But there can be serious effect that is there is defect in fertilizing organs of the body. Good health has also high fecundity but due to ill there is decline in fecundity. The people suffering from diseases cannot be fecund compared to healthy people. Age factors is also one of the factors of affecting fertility that is the fecundity develops gradually in the young people. It reduces gradually in adults and it gets powerless women reach to the age of 45-49 years. Ovulation cycle is also one cause fertility. Consequently, fertility is directed affected during the period of breast feeding. Miscarriage is also the factors that affect fertility, some women give birth to a foetus and give birth to a dead child and that is called miscarriage. Climate is also one of the important factor, that is in hot climate fertility rate is more whereas in cold climate fertility rate is low.

Dependent and independent population

The population is divided into three groups that is 0-14, 15-59 and 60 years and above. The male and female who are within 15-59 years are called independent or active population. The age groups of 0-14, and over 60 years of are called dependent population. Density dependent factors are factors that depend of the population (density). Such as food, water, and space. Density Independent factors are factors that the population (density) depends on. Such as weather, natural disasters and random occurrences. A density independent factor affects the members of a population regardless of population density, whereas a Density dependent factor affects a population because of the density of the population. Examples of dependent population are as: food, disease, predation, competition and examples of Independent population are as: weather, droughts, floods, extreme temperatures, etc. Density dependent are as limiting factors that operate when population is large and crowded while density independent limiting factors operate independently of population numbers/density