Population on Himalaya Region of Nepal

     The Himalayan Region lies to the north of the country which covers the mountainous area of the country. 15% of the total land area has been encompassed by this region.  Only 2% is arable as the land is very cold, covered with rugged surface and snow. The altitude ranges between 4,877 meter to 8,848 metres above sea levels. In this region there are many pastures, gorges, passes, small lakes, glaciers and falls. So this region is suitable for animal rearing and tourism. Due to geographical situation and climatic conditions, this region has a very less density of population. In 2001 AD, this region accommodated 7.3% the population of the country but at a decreasing rate. Almost all big rivers running through the country originate from this region. In this region people die due to starvation. The fruits produced in Hilly and Himalayan region decay before reaching Terai region people. The people leave the place of their origin of difficult living and migrate to the place of the destination of possible easy living. So density of the people increases in the Terai region. So their appear a big gap between the places of easy and difficult living within the country. The Terai, valleys, river basins, tars and gentle slopes become much more developed than other parts. So, regional disparity occurs, and local resources cannot be utilized properly, administration cannot be carried out smoothly and national dis-integrity may occur. To overcome such problem, there is the need of development regions. However,  there  is  a  diversity  in  ecosystem  and  human  activities  according  to  geographical  belts.

Migration

mainly pull factor and push factor are affected. When people are attracted by the advantages of a particular place, benefits are regarded as pull factors. Such as attraction towards the place, better employment opportunities of that place, better economic possibilities, better facilities if good education, housing and medical treatment, better climate condition of the place, higher living standard, political stabilities, better social environment. Push factor means when people want to save themselves from the restrictions and disadvantages of the place of origin where they are living is push factors. Such as maintaining the livelihood, lower wages at the place of origin, poverty, unemployment and lower living standard of living, lack of personal development, lack of food and employment opportunities, prevalent superstitions on the society, lack of health and education and entertainment. The pressure of population resulting in a high man land ratio has been widely regarded as one important causes of rural out migration. Industrialization, political, social, geographical, religious, cultural are also one of the factors of the migration.

Factors that affect Mortality

Heredity is also one of the factors of mortality. The environment where they are brought up affects the age to be or not to be long. Sex is one factor, the female are observed to have long life. The newly born infants, the death rate of the girls are seen low than boys. Disease is also on factor, people have to lose their life by being victims of fatal disease, transitional disease and hereditary diseases. Violence and accidents are also one factors that is caused by bus, truck, jeep, motorcar and aeroplane affect the death rate. Natural calamities like draught, flood, landslide, earthquake, volcano, cyclone causes death rate of the country. The shortage of nutrition has increased the death rate. Ignorance of heath rule like drinking pure water, cutting nails, washing hands before eating led to the increase death rate. The majority of people of our country fail to solve the problems of food, clothing and housing. More death occurs due to cold climate and hot climate. Due to lack of health and medical facilities the death rate is high among the people. Ignorance and superstition of the people there occurs a high level of death rate. Fresh and hygienic environment, development of science and technology help people to live longer.

Social factor in Population

Social Factors: The tradition and social values also effect the fertility rate. Small and joint family system is one of the factor. In rural society in Nepal, the parents, married son and daughter in law , grandson and daughter, uncle and aunt live together that is joint family. There is no responsibility on the head of the one member to take care of the children so, there is more co-operation in growing the children. But in the small family responsibility goes to one man that is why there is less number of children. Universality of marriage is one factor which means to maintain hereditary tradition, to believe that unmarried life is incomplete, to regard social respect for having son and daughter and grandson and grand-daughter is regarded as a social prestige. Thus, universality of marriage has induced increase in fertility also. Family planning system is also one of the factors. Today every attempt is made to educate as well as to convince people about checking fertility that is temporary contraceptive of the family planning and permanent method of the family planning. Fertility also depends on the social status of women. Social and culture values influence fertility directly. Infant mortality rate also is one factor. Urbanisation also affect fertility rate.

Economical Factors on Population

High income concept in the factors of economics factors. It is believed that more children means more income. It is also believed that the god who has given more hands and mouths will certainly fulfill the needs of human beings. So, growth in the number of children is increased by the idea of more income. Peculiar concept of life insurance is one of the economic factors. The idea that children will take care in the old age, which encourage people grow more children. They desire for son because they treat him as their life insurance in their old age. The desire of security tends to grow more children because that children will protect their land and look after them. The family engaged in agriculture treats the children as unpaid labour so family occupation is also one factors of economic factors. Health services is one factor due to which people suffers from different diseases and due to carelessness death rate goes on increasing. Due to these all factors there is less children with high income and more children with low income.

Biological Factors on Population

The biological factors are the special characteristics of human beings. To give birth to the child and pregnancy related factors are called biological factors. There is no evidence of hereditary effect on the fertility. But there can be serious effect that is there is defect in fertilizing organs of the body. Good health has also high fecundity but due to ill there is decline in fecundity. The people suffering from diseases cannot be fecund compared to healthy people. Age factors is also one of the factors of affecting fertility that is the fecundity develops gradually in the young people. It reduces gradually in adults and it gets powerless women reach to the age of 45-49 years. Ovulation cycle is also one cause fertility. Consequently, fertility is directed affected during the period of breast feeding. Miscarriage is also the factors that affect fertility, some women give birth to a foetus and give birth to a dead child and that is called miscarriage. Climate is also one of the important factor, that is in hot climate fertility rate is more whereas in cold climate fertility rate is low.

Dependent and independent population

The population is divided into three groups that is 0-14, 15-59 and 60 years and above. The male and female who are within 15-59 years are called independent or active population. The age groups of 0-14, and over 60 years of are called dependent population. Density dependent factors are factors that depend of the population (density). Such as food, water, and space. Density Independent factors are factors that the population (density) depends on. Such as weather, natural disasters and random occurrences. A density independent factor affects the members of a population regardless of population density, whereas a Density dependent factor affects a population because of the density of the population. Examples of dependent population are as: food, disease, predation, competition and examples of Independent population are as: weather, droughts, floods, extreme temperatures, etc. Density dependent are as limiting factors that operate when population is large and crowded while density independent limiting factors operate independently of population numbers/density

Population Density

The average settlement of the people living within one square kilometer is known as population density. The density is also defined as number per unit area. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and particularly to humans. It is a key geographic term. For us human beings, population density is the number of people per unit of area usually per square kilometer or mile (which may include or exclude cultivated or potentially productive area). This can be also calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or for the whole world. Our world population is 7 billion and our earth total area is 510 million square kilometers. Therefore the worldwide human population density is 6.8 billion ÷ 510 million = 13.3 per kilometer per square. This calculation includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to 50 people per kilometer per square. Considering the  human inhabitation, such as deserts and high mountains, and that population tends to cluster around seaports and fresh water sources, this number by itself does not give any meaningful measurement of human population density.

Population distribution by ecological zones

The country is divided into three ecological zones. Mountains, Hills and Terai zone. Due to the diversity in land structure, soil, natural resources, and means, the population distribution in Nepal is unequal. The area with educational facility, health service, job opportunity, and transport and communication service has a thick population, and the area deprived of these facilities has a thin population. According to the census of 1952/54, the hilly belt occupied 64.8% whereas terai belt occupy 35.5%of the population. After the census of 1961, the population of the hilly belt has declined and the population of terai has increased. The census of 1981 shows the decline of population by 7%in mountains and hills and increase in population by 7% in terai. Similarly in census 1991, the population in mountains and hilly belts declined by 3%and there is an increase of 3% in terai. The major reasons for the increase in population in terai are the Malaria eradication, the alluvial soil, good climate, employment opportunities and transport facilities.

Introduction and size of population

The number of children, young boys and girls adult and old men and women denotes the population of a particular place in a particular time. The total number of people living in a particular place is called population. The number of people living in 75 districts of Nepal is about 24 million. Population is defined as the organization of people who are living their life with respect to socio-economic, racial and cultural background. The population has a life history in that is grows and maintain itself. It has rate, death rate and age ratio. Thus, an individual is born and dies and has age. Individual of the population breed among themselves. Effective population size may be defined in two ways, variance effective size and inbreeding effective size. Population size varies over time. Suppose there are t non-overlapping generations, then effective population size is given by the harmonic mean of the population sizes. The developing countries have been suffering from the problems arising from population explosion.

Introduction to Demography

Demography refers to the scientific study of population, primarily with development. It is a scientific dealing with the birth, death, migration, and marriage of the human population. It is also the study of population characteristics and changes in the size and structure of population of a particular geographical area. It is the science of human population and the social condition of a nation. Nepali or Nepalese are descendants of migrants from parts of earlier Greater Nepal, Tibet, India, and parts of Burma and Yunnan, along with native tribal populations. Indo-Aryan and East Asian looking mixed people live in the hill region. The mountainous region is sparsely populated above 3,000 m (9,800 ft), but in central and western Nepal ethnic Tibetans inhabit even higher semi-arid valleys north of the Himalaya. Kathmandu Valley, in the middle hill region, constitutes a small fraction of the nation's area but is the most densely populated, with almost 5 percent of the nation's population. Nepali society is multilingual, multi religious and multiethnic.